In the debate over the exact nature of ‘modern Chinese calligraphy,’ ongoing since the 1980s, questions have been raised as to what should be included in the term ‘Chinese’ (中国 Zhongguó). See discussion in Adriana Iezzi, ‘“Chinese Modern Calligraphy”? An Exploration of the Critical Debateon Modern Calligraphy in Contemporary China,” Journal of Literature and Art Studies, March 2015, Vol. 5, No. 3, 206-216.